Prehistoric human civilization

By approximately 150,000 BCE, humanity had achieved a considerable level of technological sophistication, achieving interstellar travel and colonizing planets along the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy.

Human-Flood War
After encountering the San 'Shyuum, Humanity formed an alliance, based on the planet Charum Hakkor. At this point, Humanity's technological advancement rivaled that of the Forerunners, with the Humans using Precursor artifacts to support their structures and installations.

This civilization encountered the Flood in approximately 110,000 BCE and, after discovering the parasite's true nature, went to war against it. After losing many planets, Humanity desperately invaded a minor sector of the Forerunners' domain. After forty-thousand years of expansion, the collective human genus waged war with the biologically-similar Forerunner species. Eventually, they developed a cure against the Flood, winning the Human-Flood War. However, as they had been stretched thin due to fighting two wars at once, the Humans were defeated at the hands of the Forerunners, led by the Didact.

Human-Forerunner War
As punishment, Humanity was devolved and reduced to a pre-technological state and were exiled to their homeworld, Erde-Tyrene, where they were overseen by the Librarian. However, the Forerunner victory proved disastrous for the galaxy, as the Humans destroyed all their research data and physical evidence concerning the Flood, including a cure to stop the parasite. Bornstellar Makes Eternal Lasting speculated it was Humanity's final act of revenge to leave the Forerunners unprepared to face the incoming threat that led to the firing of the Halo array.

Forced to start again, the collective Human genera tried in vain to reattain their former glory, with some Human communities establishing wooden cities and steam-powered waterborne vessels under the instructions of the the Librarian. Most Humans, however, lived in Tier 7 tribal communities, such as the one that was encountered by the Forerunners during the construction of the portal the Ark in eastern Africa. After the activation of the Halo Array, the Human civilization regressed once again, and would remain in a Tier 7 state for the next hundred millennia.

As of the 26th century, most artifacts and records of this former civilization had been lost to time. However, ruins on the planet Heian appear to show hallmarks of Human design, suggesting that the planet was inhabited by ancient, space-faring Humans.

Culture
Little is known about the specifics of human culture during this period, however, it is interesting to note that all the human officers shown in the terminals wore their hair long, as well as having white designs either painted or tatooed on their faces. It is unknown if women served in their military.

Known Planets and Systems

 * Charum Hakkor
 * Faun Hakkor
 * Ben Nauk
 * Erde Tyrene
 * 13 Other Planets in the same system as Charum Hakkor

Different Subspecies Post-Human-Forerunner War
Following the war with the Forerunners, humans were deevolved' into a variety of more than 20 known species, although not all are known. Despite being numerous species, consisting not only of human species (such as neanderthals and 'homo sapiens'), but also numerous hominids, hominoids, and anthropoids, they all thought of themselves collectively as the "People".

Before the firing of the Halo Array, the Librarian collected many specimens, and they were reseeded after the Halo Array was fired

Although the origins of the naming of the "peoples" is unknown, it is likely the more "human" species have 'manune' in their name, and anthropoids had 'kyanunsho'.
 * B'ashamanune-skinny and lithe, scattered across equatorial grasslands
 * Chamanune-small, diminutive, lacking chin and reduced mandible, elegant and mobile lips
 * Hamanune-bronze-skinned, predominantly hairless
 * K'tamanune-husky, ochre and brown skinned, wandering northern latitudes and frigid climates
 * Denisovan-tall (at least taller than chamanune), reddish hair, square heads, and chocolate brown skin
 * Neanderthal
 * An early form of Aborigines
 * Sha'kyanunsho'-anthropoid, almost 3 meters at just shoulders and crest, shadow colored
 * Numerous Others

Known individuals

 * Lord of the Admirals Forthencho
 * Yprin Yprikushma

List of appearances

 * Halo Legends
 * The Babysitter
 * Halo: Evolutions - Essential Tales of the Halo Universe
 * From the Office of Dr. William Arthur Iqbal
 * Halo: Cryptum
 * Halo: Primordium
 * Halo 4 Terminals

Trivia

 * The warpaint worn by the Lord of the Admirals Forthencho is reminiscent of native american warpaint
 * The Prehistoric human fighters are not dissimilar of UNSC Sabres or Broadswords
 * The warpaint shown may be representative of position in the military/on the ship
 * The bridge appears to be outfitted with a single large window giving visibility as opposed to security much in the same way that UNSC ships do, it is also logical to assume that the bridge is situated towards the front of the ship, also like the UNSC
 * The larger ship in the fleet shown in the Halo 4 terminal videos has a large possibly plasma based cannon on it's foresection that resembles the nose of the covenant needler and it's placement is similar to that of the MAC cannon on certain UNSC ships
 * The smaller ships seen in the Halo 4 terminal videos somewhat resemble Covenant CCS-class battle cruisers